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Essay writing services | Biography of Edgar Allan Poe

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Biography of Edgar Allan Poe

                            Edgar Allan Poe, an American writer, editor, and literally critic was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. He was the second born of the couple actress Elizabeth Arnold and actor David Poe Jr. His father abandoned the family in 1810 and a year later his mother succumbed to pulmonary tuberculosis. Poe was thereafter taken into the home of John Allan, a successful Scottish merchant in Richmond, Virginia. While with the Allan’s foster family he was given the name ‘Edgar Allan Poe’, regardless of the informal adoption. (Quinn)

                            “The Allan’s had him baptized in the Episcopal Church in 1812 before sailing to Britain in 1815. Poe attended grammar school in Irvine, Scotland for a short while before joining his family back in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding school in Chelsea until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend John Bransby’s Manor House School at Stoke Newington, then a suburb four miles (6km) north of London.” (Edgar Allan Poe)

                            In 1820, Poe went back to Richmond, Virginia with his foster family where four years later he served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth guard as Richmond commemorated the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette. John’s uncle, a wealthy business man died in the next year leaving the custody of his estate to John Allan. However, there arose tension between John Allan and Edgar, developing from debts, in addition to those losses incurred in gambling, and the expense of secondary education for the young man. Poe attended the University of Virginia for a single semester but dropped out due to financial constraints to fund his learning. (Edgar Allan Poe)

                            Poe was enlisted in the United States Army on 27^th May 1827 as a private with an assumed name Edgar A. Perry. He claimed he was 22 years old even though he was 18. He first served at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor and in the same year, he released his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems, credited only to a Bostonian. (Edgar Allan Poe)  The book received poor attention and only fifty copies were published. He was promoted to artificer, an enlisted tradesman who prepared shells for artillery which doubled his monthly pay. He served for two years before being made a Sergeant Major for Artillery (Edgar Allan Poe). However, Poe sought to end this five-year enlistment early. He went ahead and revealed his real name and circumstances to his commander, Lieutenant Howard. Howard would only discharge Poe upon his reconciliation with John Allan. He wrote to John but the latter was unsympathetic. Allan’s wife, Frances died on 28 February 1829 and Poe visited the day of her burial. Finally, John accented to the pleas of Poe to support him get discharged in order to get an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Poe was thus discharged on April 15, 1829 after securing a replacement to end his enlisted term for him. (Edgar Allan Poe)

                            Poe travelled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, 1830 and John Allan remarried in the same year. This again brought up misunderstanding between Poe and his foster family, and finally he was disowned. Poe purposely opted to move away from West Point to get court-martialed. The following year on February 8, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for defaulting to attend classes, formations and church. He tactfully pleaded innocent to attract dismissal, knowing he would be found guilty (Edgar Allan Poe). He left for New York the same month and released a third volume of poems, simply titled poems. The book was financed with the help of fellow cadets. This book was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, and labelled as “Second Edition” and was dedicated to the U.S. Corps of Cadets. Previous poems were also reprinted in this book, that is, ‘Tamerlane’ and ‘Al Aaraaf’ and other six previously unpublished poems including “To Helen”, “Israfel”, and “The City in the Sea”. (Kenneth)

                            Poe’s publishing career had then stated picking up, after the dead of his brother. He was first popular American to try to make a living from writing alone and was hampered by lack of an international copyright law. Publisher would pirate British works rather than pay for new work by Americans. The Panic of 1837 had also had an adverse effect to the industry. Fueled by the new technology, American periodicals had a booming growth, though many did not last beyond a few issues. This is because the publishers defaulted payments or delayed payments to the writers. Poe would be humiliated in his pleas for money in his attempt to depend fully on writing for a living.

                            Poe married his 13-year old cousin, Virginia Clemm. It is believed that her early death may have inspired some of his writing. Poe switched his attention to prose after a previous struggle with poetry. While working with a Philadelphia publication, he placed a few stories and began work on his sole drama, Politian. In 1833, his short story MS. Found in a Bottle earned him a prize with The Baltimore Saturday Visiter. The story made Poe be recognized by Thomas W. White, editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond. Poe became the assistant editor of the periodical in August 1835 but was discharged within a few weeks after being found drunk by the boss. (Edgar Allan Poe) Poe went to Richmond and had a second wedding ceremony with Virginia Clemm in public. By then he was still a messenger. However, he published a number of poems, critiques, stories and book reviews. (Edgar Allan Poe)

                            Some of his publications include The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1839) and also edited Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine. Poe left Burton for a position as an assistant at Graham’s Magazine a year later. Virginia developed tuberculosis complications in January 1842 and this made Poe to switch to alcoholism to relieve the stress. Poe left Graham and joined Broadway journal where he later became the sole owner. Broadway Journal collapsed in 1846 and Poe moved to a New York where Virginia died in 1847. Poe thus went back to Richmond and reunited to his childhood girlfriend, Sarah Royster. (Marie)

In 1847, a man found Poe on the streets of Baltimore delirious in a severe distress and he was rushed to the Washington College Hospital where he succumbed to his illness Sunday, October 7, 1849 in the morning. Poe was incoherent to explain the cause of his distress. At the night of his death, Poe was heard calling out “Reynolds” with no one aware who he was referring to. Though some sources say Poe’s final words were ‘Lord help my poor soul’. (Edgar Allan Poe)

Works cited

Edgar Allan Poe. 2017. <http://universalmonsters.wikia.com/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe>.

Kenneth, Silverman. "Edgar A. Poe: A Biography." Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance (1992).

Marie, Bornaparte. "The life and works of Edgar Alla Poe." A psyscho-analytic interpretation (1949).

Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. 1997. <https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0ajYl9fPDfMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=edgar+allan+poe+biography&ots=HjvIyk1QYt&sig=QhZ6SMod2MSmZvxWT2PWMcObXKk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=edgar%20allan%20poe%20biography&f=false>.

SWOT Analysis |Custom Business| Industry Analysis for Procter and Gamble Consumer Goods Company

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Procter and Gamble Case Study Report

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                Executive Summary

This report explores the main challenge that afflicts the existence and the competitive edge of the Procter and Gamble Company in the provision of various consumer goods to her international customers. Currently, there are two intertwined challenges that constitute a gigantic menace to the competitive edge of this company. These include the strained growth in the stock of the company and concentration on the wrong markets (Kramer, 2018). However, these two challenges are defined further by other subset problems (discussed in the body) that culminate to a reducing competitive advantage by the Procter and Gamble over her rising strong competitors such as the Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever.

Strengths

·         Competitive consumer goods brands.

·         Economies of scale.

·         Efficient supply chain networks.

Weaknesses

·         Entry of strong competitors into the market.

·         Limited online presence.

·         The limited scope of business diversification.

Alternatively, the company has access to a large field of technology and expertise, with the relevant innovation and creativity to solve the internal threats and weakness. This is possible through:

·         Business diversification to mitigate risks

·         Product innovation to increase competitiveness.

·         Development of an online presence.

·         Divesting from less lucrative brands and ones with a shrinking market share.

This paper recommends that the company should focus on the developing a more defined and comprehensive online presence through aggressive market research and consideration of the main contributors to the menace of declining market share, which in other words is leading to a declining competitive advantage.

Implementation

Implementing this strategic marketing plan, call for the company to develop a strong R&D and a comprehensive study of the incumbent and potential international markets for consumer goods. Thereafter, the Board of Directors should plan for the development of a customer-friendly e-commerce store for both retailing and wholesale buyers, unlike the vague present company authority website that just describes her profile.

Introduction

Procter and Gamble have been in the consumer goods market for about 180 years since its formation and thus it is evident that the company has built trust and positioned itself well in developed markets across the world. However, the Board of Directors in this company have been inclined their faith in the developed markets to an underestimated the potential of incumbent firms and the developing potential international markets. Currently, the major challenge facing this company is the reducing stock value and focus on the wrong markets ("Our Brands | P&G", 2018).

Alluding to Porter’s value chain, which encapsulates that an organization’s existence is determined by the value it creates to its customers. Procter and Gamble provide value through the provision of consumer goods from a number of her strong brands such as Ariel, Gilette, Bounty, Always, Pampers among others. Maintaining an elusive competitive position in the provision of consumer goods becomes a great hassle to the company since most of what the company produces is highly imitable. This explains the cause of a highly fragmented international market share between P&G and her competitors such as the Unilever, Colgate-Palmolive, and Estee Lauder ("Our Brands | P&G", 2018).

No Growth and Overvalued Stock

According to Kramer (2017), the company only managed to get a 9 percent share rise in 2017, a figure below S&P 500 index by almost 5 percent. Comparing the previous 5 years progress of the company’s stock price rise to S&P 500, the rise was 32 percent and 76 percent respectively, which is a bad impression to investors bearing in mind that the company shares are quite expensive, at 20.5 times one-year forward earnings. The figure below illustrates the 5-year performance of the company shares.

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/news/procter-gamble-continues-have-two-big-problems/

There is a higher risk of decline in the performance of the shares in the stock market. Analysts reveal that the company expects only 1 percent revenue growth for the first-quarter of 2018 fiscal year, which is quite minimal comparing to estimated revenue growth of other competitive companies such as Unilever.

P&G Company expects a minimal three-year revenue shift from $67.15 to in 2018 to $71.76 by 2020. However, the company strategies to get there are not well defined and this call for the Board of Directors to revise the action plan. Analysts attribute the stagnation of stock growth to it being overvalued.

Wrong Markets

Kramer’s report reveals that a huge percent of P&G’s revenue originates from the developed markets with about 45 percent coming from North America and about 23 percent from Europe. On average, about 65 percent of the company’s revenue comes from developed markets. Conversely, its rival Unilever concentrates more on emerging markets, with more 58 percent of its income coming from these markets, and the rest from the developed markets. In fact, this is the major problem affecting P&G Company: concentrating on sluggishly growing markets and expecting to raise the stock value.

Emerging markets may have disappointed the expectations of the analyst for Unilever due to a small weakness that developed in the market, registering a sales decline by 2.3 percent and volume growth fall by 1.9 percent. However, lately emerging markets are picking, with a sales growth of about 6.3 percent and volume growth of 1.8 percent. Placing P&G on the same scale brings out a more delicate position since its strength on emerging markets is not so well established (Kramer, 2017).

SWOT Analysis

A clear SWOT analysis is significant in providing a clear baseline for development of a stronger competitive advantage to Procter and Gamble Company. The Board of Directors should also be keen on the market mix elements and Porter’s five market forces while developing strategic plans to implement in the competitive consumer goods market.

1.      Internal Analysis

1.1  Strengths

The company’s strengths position it in quite a distinguished competitive edge as compared to its competitors such as Unilever, and other consumer goods firms. The strengths normally depict the internal strategic factor that spearheads the company’s competitive advantages efforts to achieve business growth and expansion. Procter and Gamble reap a number of internal merits such as possession of strong of consumer goods brands that include Pampers, Ariel, Bounty, Gilette, Luvs, etc.

Secondly, the company enjoys a number of economies of scale due to its decentralized global nature of the operation, making it cheap to outsource human resources, simplifying logistics and high level of sharing of technologies between its subsidiary firms across the world.

Thirdly, the company has a powerful, reliable and efficient product distribution network. The channels encompass company-owned facilities and a vast number of loyal wholesalers and retailers. This particular strength as emphasized by the company’s Generic strategy and intensive growth strategies favors it in market penetration, especially when launching new products (Dalal & Malik, 2015).

1.2  Weaknesses

Based on its organization’s weaknesses, Procter and Gamble encounters a number of drawbacks and obstacles in its expansion program and struggle to raise its revenue. Very many weaknesses are likely to retard or slow down the primary activities (Michael Porter's value chain) of the organization rendering its functions ineffective. Currently, Procter and Gamble are faced with a number of weaknesses that encompass production of imitable products, inadequate online presence, and restricted scope of business diversification.

Producing its products using a highly replicable technology is the spearheading weakness of this company. Typically, this is a problem facing all firms in the consumer goods industry. Their products are closely similar to each other, to a point of confusing the customers. Apparently, many emergent companies leading to the present market splitting have duplicated the production technology. Moreover, there is a significantly high usage and migration into the digital market, whereby both small and large-scale manufacturers, wholesale and retailers are hugely depending on online e-commerce websites to market and sell their products mainly in the developed markets. The present P&G online shop fails to span all the nations targeted by the company’s products and merely focuses on the United States Market. Improving the online presence helps lower dependency on e-commerce retailers such as the Walmart, Amazon and eBay and other suppliers on the company products. Furthermore, the absence of wide scope to diversify its products limits the company to the provision of just consumer commodities, thus limiting the company to a vulnerability in only consumer goods market risks.These weaknesses reveal that the Board of Directors for Procter and Gamble Company puts little emphasis on the 4P’s or the marketing mix (Leigh, 2006).

2.      External Analysis

2.1  Opportunities

Opportunities refer to the possible exploitable gateways for the growth of a company. However, it takes the right strategies to utilize available strategies for the benefit of the company. Some of the opportunities present to Procter and Gamble could be turning all the potential risks into competitive growth gateways. For instance, the company directors can decide to revolutionize its marketing campaigns by increasing the company’s online presence. Online marketing is a vital and instrumental strategy for reaching and exploiting new product markets, especially with the current growth of mobile technology where many customers are purchasing products at their doorstep.

 In addition to that, product innovation strategies should be laid into the company’s strategies to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. In the world today, many countries and organizations are campaigns on the production and manufacturing that is eco-friendly. Bering in mind that most of the products from the Procter and Gamble Company are disposable, developing a technology that will produce products of less harm to the environment will be a perfect gesture to its promotion campaigns. For instance, the Ariel brand that concentrates on the provision of soap and detergents should focus on minimization of non-biodegradable elements that act as pollutants to the water systems and land to gain favor in the international markets (Jackson, 2003).

2.2  Threats

This company is faced with a number of external threats that encompass stiff global and local competition, imitations or counterfeiting of products, and trade restrictions and barriers in some nations such as Cuba and North Korea. The first two threats are possibly due to the cheaply adaptable production technology, and the readily available consumer staples market (Haile, 2016).

Recommendations

From the analysis above, it's apparent that the major problem afflicting Procter and Gamble company is declining level of revenue. Therefore, the Board of Directors should adopt a strategic action that is responsive to this menace in order to avoid accompanying challenges such as the company being declared bankrupt, unnecessary divestitures, or even loss of stakeholders’ support.

As an investment consultant, I would recommend that adoption of online marketing and e-commerce investment to Procter and Gamble Company. Technology has made it easy for customers to access the commodities on the mobile phones, and this will help the company cut down the promotion expenses, create further awareness and reach new markets. The company should also maintain databases and records of online buyers for updates on future changes.

References

Dalal, G., & Malik, S. (2015). Online Marketing: A SWOT Analysis. The International Journal of Business & Management, 3(7), 12.

Haile, M., & Krupka, J. (2016). Fuzzy Evaluation of SWOT Analysis. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 5(3), 172-179.

Jackson, S. E., Joshi, A., & Erhardt, N. L. (2003). Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications. Journal of Management, 29(6), 801-830.

Leigh, D., & Pershing, A. J. (2006). SWOT analysis. The Handbook of Human Performance Technology, 1089-1108.

The Consumer Goods Industry in the United States – U.S. International Trade Administration.

The Procter & Gamble Company – P&G Shop.

Kramer, M. (2017). Proctor & Gamble Continues To Have Two Big Problems. Investopedia. Retrieved 8 February 2018, from https://www.investopedia.com/news/procter-gamble-continues-have-two-big-problems/

The Procter & Gamble Company, Form 10-K.

Our Brands | P&G. (2018). Us.pg.com. Retrieved 9 February 2018, from https://us.pg.com/our-brands

Forum Discussion| Debate| Essay on Police Behavior| United States police

Police Behavior

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Introduction

Law enforcement forms a vital part of the triple components of the criminal justice in the United States. The other two include the courts of law and the corrections. Over the years, there has been a great transition in the concept of police in American law enforcement. With various socio-political changes, a need has risen to explain new roles, functions, units, and jurisdictions in the police agencies of America. This attributes to changes from the past philosophies of law enforcement to modern ones. In the past, the concept of police was mere maintaining law and order in the society, without limits and controls of power.

According to Frühling, (2012), this past philosophy lacked cognitive psychology that is a currently a very instrumental tool is diplomatic law enforcement in the modern day America. Instead, there were numerous cases of human rights violations with the police practicing a lot of corporal punishment. With the current concept of police in law enforcement, there is little to no cases of corporal punishment, a define departmentalization structure for police with clear areas of jurisdiction and non-overlapping roles. However, according to Baker & Simons, (2010), the new philosophies of law enforcement still drag along some past along other emergent negativities and complexities such as racial profiling, corruption, among others.

The revolution of law enforcement comes along with several psychological theories that range from early ones such as the Freudian ideologies to the current cognitive and social psychological models. The most striking element of these psychological theories is the fundamental assumptions regarding criminal (human behavior) they portray. Firstly, the view an individual as the smallest unit for analysis of these theories. In addition to that, these theories assume the personality of a person to be the major driver of their behavior. Another assumption is that social consensus is the mother of normality. The fourth one states that crime is the result of abnormal, malfunctioning mental processes that impair the personality of the victim. Moreover, this mental dysfunction is deemed to be because of a variety of causes that culminates in diseases, improper learning, radicalization, and adjustment of personal conflicts. Lastly, the psychological model suggests that controls these various causes of mental impairments can help mitigate criminal behavior (Hansen, 2018).

Criminal justice integrates a couple of policing models that include the reactive or traditional policing model, where the police wait to respond to already happened crimes. Use of detective is a common phenomenon under this model, in order to determine the cause of the crime and to gather possible artifact that can give a lead to the possible suspects. Another form is predictive policing. It involves applications of predictions and analysis as tools for identifying potential lawbreakers. Additionally, problem-oriented policing is yet another model and its main emphasis is the preventive approach. Detectives analyze and determine various crime patterns and try to eliminate the potential instigator of such crimes. A more engaging model is the community-oriented policing in which police strive to build ties and engage the society in the process of law enforcement. Here the emphasis is encouraging community members to report criminals among themselves. In addition to that, reassurance policing is a model closely similar to community policing and it involves identification of signal crimes (Brogden & Nijhar, 2013). Scanning, analysis, response and assessment (SARA) policing model that involves the four steps stipulated in its name. Lastly, intelligence-led policing, that revolve around assessing and managing risks is another policing model that is strategic in nature. It is future-oriented (Ratcliffe, 2016).

Police stress may emanate from a number of factors such as direct exposure to suffering people, potential threats, and unprecedented security breaches, stewardship of the security of the entire population, emotional control even if provoked, indefinite job description and weapon handling. The most common negative effect of policing is the emotional imbalance it can cause to the officers. Other times there is no time for family and other developmental aspects of life such as pursuing higher education.

Conclusion

Leaders should deploy more police officers and ensure flexible work shift to reduce potential accumulation of police stress. Moreover, there should be a clear set of guidelines and welfare programs protecting the rights of both the police and the society. More important, the police salaries and other non-financial motivators should be revised to eliminate police vicissitudes such as bribery and fraud (Carter et al.,2014).

References

Brogden, M., & Nijhar, P. (2013). Community policing. Routledge.

Carter, J. G., Phillips, S. W., & Gayadeen, S. M. (2014). Implementing intelligence-led policing: An application of loose-coupling theory. Journal of criminal justice, 42(6), 433-442.

Frühling, H. (2012). A realistic look at Latin American community policing programmes. Policing and society, 22(1), 76-88.

Hansen, F. (2018). Police Stress: Identifying & Managing Symptoms of Stress | Adrenal Fatigue Solution. Adrenal Fatigue Solution. Retrieved 13 February 2018, from https://adrenalfatiguesolution.com/police-stress-fatigue/

Ratcliffe, J. H. (2016). Intelligence-led policing. Routledge.

Write My Argumentative Essay | Love Marriages vs Arranged Marriages | Get A custom Essay Now | Starting From $5 per page

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Love Marriages and Arranged Marriages

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Introduction

Marriage refers to the union between two spouses attached to each through personal relationships that are social, ritually or legally endorsed to bring ascribe some roles and obligations to the two in the wedlock. Initially, marriage was an institution to join a man and a woman (). However, marriage does not necessarily emanate from love as institutionalized in holy books such as the Bible. With time, morals and cultures have changed affecting the way marriage is perceived in the society. This phenomenon has brought about two types of marriages that form the basis of argument in this paper. This paper investigates why love marriages are better than arranged ones for man-to-woman marriages.

Love marriages allow a person to choose the other person that matches his or her expectations. According to Fisher (2016), most love marriages are built on chemistry and attraction between the spouses. In most cases where love marriages occur, the couple allocates some time to learn each other and give themselves time to evaluate the viability and likelihood of their marriage to succeed. On the contrary, the parents of the couple entering into a union mostly instigate arranged marriage. Williams (2016) argues that marriage is not all about family union. However, arranged marriages are based on this concept, where parents from one side seek to find a spouse for their kid. These families aim at finding compatibility in the cultural backgrounds of the other spouse, the socio-economic status of the other family (class) before allowing their son or daughter to associate with the other family. In short, arranged marriages are based on security and status as opposed to attraction and chemistry between the spouses. Statistics show that most marriages of this type have the couple as objects of materialism. Critics of arranged marriages feel that this is an ancient tradition where people lack liberty to choose their marriage partners.

Secondly, love marriages originate out of self-consent between the two spouses. Unlike in arranged marriages, the spouses have esteem in each other and most likely are people with very many similarities in terms of passion, dreams, and feelings. For instance, in India where arranged marriages account for almost 90 percent of the total marriages, there is less commitment, affection and other expected features that makes a warm marriage. Arranged marriages foster significant economic, cultural and even social stereotyping in the society, where people of certain social class do not like to associate with others and forge unions in form of marriages. According to Anitha (2011), arranged marriages are cold to the unwilling partner as they feel that the marriage obligation belongs to the parents. This spouse may end up in such unhappy marriage as a sign of obedience to his or her parents. The assumption to initial resistance and hesitation from the uncomfortable partners is that “love will grow with time”. Arranged marriages overlook the emotional responses and feeling of the persons entering the union.

Moreover, where there is little to no self-consent in a relationship, spouses are likely to involve in infidelity acts. According to Mayer (2013), loves goes hand in hand with loyalty. Loyalty implies the foundation of a successful marriage. This virtue is tied to feelings one spouse has over the other. In love marriages, there is a higher probability of loyalty since each spouse cares about the feelings of the other. The mutual connection between the two also creates a strong bond that culminates to the liberty of expression, transparency, care, honesty, and respect between in the marriage. Critics of arranged marriage such as [cite] argue that one cannot respect someone you do not love in a marriage. Through physical mistreat might not be prominent in arranged marriages, Pine (2013) affirm that infidelity is a source of “emotional scars” that take a lifetime to heal. In addition to that, marriage requires being defined by personal readiness to enter into it. In most cases, love marriages occur naturally, without an ulterior motive and reveal readiness to a commitment by the couple. Conversely, arranged marriages are quite informal and forceful leaving the couple without an option other than agonizing their fate marrying when not ready to settle. According to [cite], children raised in such a family are easy to assimilate into the system of forging relationships where mutual willingness does not exist.

However, marriages based on love and mutual affection are not effortless to achieve. According to Edin (2011), most of the couples who enter into this type of a marriage has a false conviction that they have a great understanding of their spouse and that they are ready for marriage. Regardless of all the efforts of dating to study a person, Robinson et al.,(2010) affirm that the point of entering into a marriage marks a transition between the partners and many changes follow invalidating the expectations of the couple. Statistics show that in arranged marriages, “love” starting creeping in after the couple has settled for over 5 years. Marriage advisors such as Strong (2013), attribute this gradual growth in love to the lasting effect on arranged marriages. Since the couple has minimal expectations on each other, slight improvements strengthen s On the other hand, most love marriages is quite volatile since the spouses enter into the union with overly exaggerated expectations for each other. Some people undergo an abrupt change upon entering a love-driven marriage perhaps due to the need to adjust to the new roles and obligations that come along with marriage. Many misunderstandings emanate because on one may feel like they were tricked by their counterpart in disguise.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is evident that there is no definite paradigm or approach to entering into a successful marriage. Both love and arranged marriage forms have up and downsides. However, it is a great hassle to many people to decide who is right for them to enter into marriage with. This phenomenon is hard to lay a formula on since different people look for different attributes when looking for marriage partners. However, love is a phenomenon that is not assumable to grow over time. I would recommend love-based marriage type for people willing to marry. Not only being flexible about whom you want to marry, love marriages assure one security, care, and mutual understanding.

References

Strong, B., & Cohen, T. F. (2013). The marriage and family experience: Intimate relationships in a changing society. Cengage Learning.

Pines, A. (2013). Couple burnout: Causes and cures. Routledge.

Robinson, O. C., Demetre, J. D., & Corney, R. (2010). Personality and retirement: Exploring the links between the Big Five personality traits, reasons for retirement and the experience of being retired. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7), 792-797.

Anitha, S., & Gill, A. (2011). The social construction of forced marriage and its “victim” in media coverage and crime policy discourses. Forced marriage: Introducing a social justice and human rights perspective, 112-134.

Fisher, H. (2016). Anatomy of Love: A Natural History of Mating, Marriage, and Why We Stray (Completely Revised and Updated with a New Introduction). WW Norton & Company.

Williams, B. K., Sawyer, S. C., & Wahlstrom, C. M. (2012). Marriages, families, and intimate relationships. Pearson Higher Ed.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SPORT | Get a Custom Essay Here

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Gender Difference in Sports

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Introduction

One of the best ways to pass time is participating in sports, other than for commercial purpose. Sports are ideal activities for enhancing attention, motivation, perseverance, responsibility, hard work and other virtues of best character. Sports activities help foster team working as individuals endeavor to learn from others to improve themselves (Halldorsson, 2017). About two decades ago, women participation in sports was minimal and has consistently improved over the years. However, there is still a huge equality gap between men and women in sports in both participating number and the level of performance.

According to Perez-Gomez et al ( 2008), Sex is an identified contrasting determinant in the performance of athletes in regard to height, body weight, fat, muscle mass, and other genetic and hormonal disparities such as aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold. Other studies by Kenney et al (2015) base their argument on human body physiological processes. According to Kane (2015), physical education is a very crucial part of someone’s school life. Winnick (2016) argues that the objectivity of a person towards sports shows up during childhood. However, men have always led on the list of all quantifiable events since the beginning of an Olympic era (Haugen, 2015). This paper investigates the possible reasons why there exists a gap between the performance of men and women in quantifiable sports.

Methods

This research bases its study on the previous performance of both men and women in quantifiable events in Olympics games, school physical education programs and other empirical data from valid articles. Olympics games record about 82 events but this research samples only 10 events that are participated by both men and women and that are quantifiable. The other method used is a critical review of the literature to factors leading to the difference in the performance such as hormonal differences and physical fitness.

Findings

There is a clear gap between the performance of women and men of about 10 percent in the overall performance of men and women in the Olympic quantifiable games that are participated by both genders. The gap has been dominant and consistent since the beginning of the Olympics sports competitions. In running, a gap of about 10.7 percent prevails between men and women while in swimming sports there is a gap of about 8.9 percent. Another area with a significant gap between men and women is the jumping sports, recording about 17.5 percent difference. The gap has been consistent despite the improvements since both sexes experience the improvement. Nevertheless, a gap prevails where the sport requires special skills and training. For instance, a well-trained woman is likely to defeat a man with no training in swimming skills (Mwisukha, 2017).

Discussion

Generally, men outperform women in sports activities despite age or skills for various reasons that make a man more advantageous. Genetic composition and hormone have a significant role in the difference that prevails between men and women in sports. This encompasses physical attributes such as body height, weight, muscle mass, body fat and aerobic characteristics. According to Billings (2017), men perform better in sports than women due to high testosterone in their bodies. The hormone is responsible for a number of reasons why the body of a man is physically fit for various sports. Testosterone is responsible for innate body features like the building of massive skeletal muscles and larger hearts than women are. The prevalence of huge proportion of Type 2 muscle fibers in the bodies of men is responsible for the strength, power, and speed. Furthermore, the hormone accelerates production of red blood cells. The cells are responsible for absorption of oxygen into the bloodstream and thus men have more oxygen in their blood, a factor that gives men a more aerobic advantage.

The counterpart of this hormone in woman’s body is the cause of the physical body characteristics of women that inhibits most active engagements among women (Casto, 2016). Prevalence of this hormone explains why women bodies have more fat as compared to men. Casto (2016) attributes more body fat as an additional load on human beings. The more the body fat the larger the load and as a result, there is a reduced performance in physical activities.

Moreover, women bodies are quite loose and less muscular. Women’s joints are more flexible as compared to men, thus are in a better position to participate in sports such as gymnastics. Science shows that women have wider pelvic that influences the alignment and movements of the extremities. However, this advantage cannot compare to the physical attributes that male testosterone gives to the body of a man (Casto, 2016).

Another distinguishing factor for difference prevailing in sports performance by both genders is the possibility to get injuries. Most sports activities require great muscle strength to participate. For instance, rugby and American football sports favor men because of their nature of interactivity between the participants. Woman are more prone to injuries as compared to men (Roos et al., 2017). Critics such as Hannah-Moffat (2007) argue that women are good at cheering rather than participating. However, women joints are more prone to injuries, especially the knees and the shoulders. Women have weaker shoulder muscles than men thus are more susceptible to injuries due to the loose supporting tissues. Therefore, men tend to have more stable shoulder tissues than women. The probability of hurting the anterior cruciate ligament, a major knee ligament, is higher for women than to men. However, this risk is controllable through proper training and exposure to more muscle enhancing activities. Human physiology research by Ogden (2014) reveals that the rate at which fats form in the body of a woman is comparatively high than the efforts to reduce them to muscles. Most women, despite attending gymnastics. Presently, training grounds and fitness businesses have grown to a significant figure yet higher number of men than women attends these sessions. A huge population of women dislike engaging themselves in tiresome activities and like to remain in their current state.

 Conversely, McConagh and Pappano (2009) argue that male dominance in sports is a vestige of patriarchy. The feel that segregated sports based on the misconception that women are a “weaker sex” fosters social inferiority against women.  These scholars believe that women have more potential to participate in sports as men only that most limit themselves to sex stereotyping on sports participation and performance. The emphasis that since most government policies and culture and therefore women and men should compete on a comparative level. However, these scholars reckon that “the pursuit of athletic equality may be a fool’s errand” basing their argument on history, previous research and mere common sense.

Apart from the biological composition of the human body, cognitive psychology reveals that people have different tastes and preferences. Roemmich (2015) reports that 86 percent of women in all age groups have a taste for indoor activities, unlike men who like spending a lot of time outdoors. Typically, most sports are carried out outside and this is why women seem to perform better in indoor sports such as badminton, swimming, and games such as chess. Otherwise, women like less engaging activities, sports being part of it. In addition to that, sports are competitive in nature. According to Reis et al (2015), women are more phobic to losing than men are and try not to engage in sports to avoid embarrassment.

Statistically, women athletes receive lower salaries than men athletes in the world of sports do. NBA and WNBA players’ salaries display huge gaps in the salaries of the respective genders. The payment is uneven even if the work is the same for all players. Sports organizations may seem to promote gender equality to the public but ignore them when remunerating their players. Rader et al (2016) says that men sports have a huge fan base and therefore the return on investment is high. However, Hargreaves (2014) criticizes this and proposes terms of equal pay for equal work.

There is almost a matter of viewer interest. YouTube and other social video domains have registered a high number of views for sports and men dominate on YouTube statistics holding at 76% of the total views ("The Scientific Reason Men like Sports More Than Women", 2017). Women numbers on active watching are lower than the number of male active viewers.  Perception of women in the society is yet another contributing factor to reducing interactivity of women in sports in some areas. Some cultures have set norms that limit women to particular gender roles. For instance, some communities still have the perception of women as people with less ability to carry out demanding tasks such as sports that require a lot of energy and motivation. To make matters worse, most of the women in such communities are transfixed to these norms and belittle themselves as their counterparts dictates.

Moreover, women from certain religions are quite restricted from involving themselves in sports. For instance, Muslim women have been actively involving themselves in outdoor sports for various reasons attached to their religion (Roy et al, 2016). Some sports such as swimming require the participant to wear revealing. Keeping in mind that Muslim women are too reserved and will cover almost every part of their bodies, suggesting such a sport to them would be quite difficult.

Lastly, the discriminative nature of sponsors is another cause of gender differences in sports. Currently, the economic world is making it hard for poor people to express various talents. Most sports activities such as football require huge capital investment. As mentioned earlier, women sports receive little to no attention from viewers. The same case happens with the potential companies willing to promote their products through sports sponsorship. Football is a good example of a discriminated sport. Most players and team constitute of men and financiers rush to grab these opportunities to gain greater popularity. The economy in most countries, especially the developing nations is so low such that more than half of the citizens live below a dollar a day. This condition afflicts significantly afflicts women more than men. Lack of access to facilities such as training equipment limits women from participating in sports that require physical fitness.

Conclusion

In summary, it is evident that a huge gender difference in sport prevails with men showing a greater involvement than their counterparts do. Various factors that seem to cause this difference include economic factors such biased sponsorships on sports, biological factors determining the height, body weight, body fat and aerobic capacity. However, biological characteristics are the dominant of all the factors that lead to reduced number of women participants in sports. Statistics obtained from the Women’s Sports Foundation (2016) shows that male athletes receive scholarships of $ 179 million more than their counterparts do. Otherwise, most potential female participants are discouraged by the poor reception of women sports in the society.

However, the bias in sports sponsors due to economic imbalances constitute the level of stereotyping that prevails between men and women sports. Bompa & Buzzichelli (2015) however,  asserts that some extreme sport needs more masculinity and restricting women participation is a protective measure to avoid unnecessary accidents. He adds that due to the body composition of women and exposed sensitive areas, it is a risk to involve them in aggressive sports such as rugby, racing, and American Football. Lastly, Hargreaves(2014) proposes equal provisions by those willing to participate in games. He encourages all sports organizations to provide equitable facilities and chances to women through subsidized access to inherent training and skill enhancement for various sports.

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