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Love Marriages and Arranged Marriages

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Introduction

Marriage refers to the union between two spouses attached to each through personal relationships that are social, ritually or legally endorsed to bring ascribe some roles and obligations to the two in the wedlock. Initially, marriage was an institution to join a man and a woman (). However, marriage does not necessarily emanate from love as institutionalized in holy books such as the Bible. With time, morals and cultures have changed affecting the way marriage is perceived in the society. This phenomenon has brought about two types of marriages that form the basis of argument in this paper. This paper investigates why love marriages are better than arranged ones for man-to-woman marriages.

Love marriages allow a person to choose the other person that matches his or her expectations. According to Fisher (2016), most love marriages are built on chemistry and attraction between the spouses. In most cases where love marriages occur, the couple allocates some time to learn each other and give themselves time to evaluate the viability and likelihood of their marriage to succeed. On the contrary, the parents of the couple entering into a union mostly instigate arranged marriage. Williams (2016) argues that marriage is not all about family union. However, arranged marriages are based on this concept, where parents from one side seek to find a spouse for their kid. These families aim at finding compatibility in the cultural backgrounds of the other spouse, the socio-economic status of the other family (class) before allowing their son or daughter to associate with the other family. In short, arranged marriages are based on security and status as opposed to attraction and chemistry between the spouses. Statistics show that most marriages of this type have the couple as objects of materialism. Critics of arranged marriages feel that this is an ancient tradition where people lack liberty to choose their marriage partners.

Secondly, love marriages originate out of self-consent between the two spouses. Unlike in arranged marriages, the spouses have esteem in each other and most likely are people with very many similarities in terms of passion, dreams, and feelings. For instance, in India where arranged marriages account for almost 90 percent of the total marriages, there is less commitment, affection and other expected features that makes a warm marriage. Arranged marriages foster significant economic, cultural and even social stereotyping in the society, where people of certain social class do not like to associate with others and forge unions in form of marriages. According to Anitha (2011), arranged marriages are cold to the unwilling partner as they feel that the marriage obligation belongs to the parents. This spouse may end up in such unhappy marriage as a sign of obedience to his or her parents. The assumption to initial resistance and hesitation from the uncomfortable partners is that “love will grow with time”. Arranged marriages overlook the emotional responses and feeling of the persons entering the union.

Moreover, where there is little to no self-consent in a relationship, spouses are likely to involve in infidelity acts. According to Mayer (2013), loves goes hand in hand with loyalty. Loyalty implies the foundation of a successful marriage. This virtue is tied to feelings one spouse has over the other. In love marriages, there is a higher probability of loyalty since each spouse cares about the feelings of the other. The mutual connection between the two also creates a strong bond that culminates to the liberty of expression, transparency, care, honesty, and respect between in the marriage. Critics of arranged marriage such as [cite] argue that one cannot respect someone you do not love in a marriage. Through physical mistreat might not be prominent in arranged marriages, Pine (2013) affirm that infidelity is a source of “emotional scars” that take a lifetime to heal. In addition to that, marriage requires being defined by personal readiness to enter into it. In most cases, love marriages occur naturally, without an ulterior motive and reveal readiness to a commitment by the couple. Conversely, arranged marriages are quite informal and forceful leaving the couple without an option other than agonizing their fate marrying when not ready to settle. According to [cite], children raised in such a family are easy to assimilate into the system of forging relationships where mutual willingness does not exist.

However, marriages based on love and mutual affection are not effortless to achieve. According to Edin (2011), most of the couples who enter into this type of a marriage has a false conviction that they have a great understanding of their spouse and that they are ready for marriage. Regardless of all the efforts of dating to study a person, Robinson et al.,(2010) affirm that the point of entering into a marriage marks a transition between the partners and many changes follow invalidating the expectations of the couple. Statistics show that in arranged marriages, “love” starting creeping in after the couple has settled for over 5 years. Marriage advisors such as Strong (2013), attribute this gradual growth in love to the lasting effect on arranged marriages. Since the couple has minimal expectations on each other, slight improvements strengthen s On the other hand, most love marriages is quite volatile since the spouses enter into the union with overly exaggerated expectations for each other. Some people undergo an abrupt change upon entering a love-driven marriage perhaps due to the need to adjust to the new roles and obligations that come along with marriage. Many misunderstandings emanate because on one may feel like they were tricked by their counterpart in disguise.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is evident that there is no definite paradigm or approach to entering into a successful marriage. Both love and arranged marriage forms have up and downsides. However, it is a great hassle to many people to decide who is right for them to enter into marriage with. This phenomenon is hard to lay a formula on since different people look for different attributes when looking for marriage partners. However, love is a phenomenon that is not assumable to grow over time. I would recommend love-based marriage type for people willing to marry. Not only being flexible about whom you want to marry, love marriages assure one security, care, and mutual understanding.

References

Strong, B., & Cohen, T. F. (2013). The marriage and family experience: Intimate relationships in a changing society. Cengage Learning.

Pines, A. (2013). Couple burnout: Causes and cures. Routledge.

Robinson, O. C., Demetre, J. D., & Corney, R. (2010). Personality and retirement: Exploring the links between the Big Five personality traits, reasons for retirement and the experience of being retired. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7), 792-797.

Anitha, S., & Gill, A. (2011). The social construction of forced marriage and its “victim” in media coverage and crime policy discourses. Forced marriage: Introducing a social justice and human rights perspective, 112-134.

Fisher, H. (2016). Anatomy of Love: A Natural History of Mating, Marriage, and Why We Stray (Completely Revised and Updated with a New Introduction). WW Norton & Company.

Williams, B. K., Sawyer, S. C., & Wahlstrom, C. M. (2012). Marriages, families, and intimate relationships. Pearson Higher Ed.

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Gender Difference in Sports

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Introduction

One of the best ways to pass time is participating in sports, other than for commercial purpose. Sports are ideal activities for enhancing attention, motivation, perseverance, responsibility, hard work and other virtues of best character. Sports activities help foster team working as individuals endeavor to learn from others to improve themselves (Halldorsson, 2017). About two decades ago, women participation in sports was minimal and has consistently improved over the years. However, there is still a huge equality gap between men and women in sports in both participating number and the level of performance.

According to Perez-Gomez et al ( 2008), Sex is an identified contrasting determinant in the performance of athletes in regard to height, body weight, fat, muscle mass, and other genetic and hormonal disparities such as aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold. Other studies by Kenney et al (2015) base their argument on human body physiological processes. According to Kane (2015), physical education is a very crucial part of someone’s school life. Winnick (2016) argues that the objectivity of a person towards sports shows up during childhood. However, men have always led on the list of all quantifiable events since the beginning of an Olympic era (Haugen, 2015). This paper investigates the possible reasons why there exists a gap between the performance of men and women in quantifiable sports.

Methods

This research bases its study on the previous performance of both men and women in quantifiable events in Olympics games, school physical education programs and other empirical data from valid articles. Olympics games record about 82 events but this research samples only 10 events that are participated by both men and women and that are quantifiable. The other method used is a critical review of the literature to factors leading to the difference in the performance such as hormonal differences and physical fitness.

Findings

There is a clear gap between the performance of women and men of about 10 percent in the overall performance of men and women in the Olympic quantifiable games that are participated by both genders. The gap has been dominant and consistent since the beginning of the Olympics sports competitions. In running, a gap of about 10.7 percent prevails between men and women while in swimming sports there is a gap of about 8.9 percent. Another area with a significant gap between men and women is the jumping sports, recording about 17.5 percent difference. The gap has been consistent despite the improvements since both sexes experience the improvement. Nevertheless, a gap prevails where the sport requires special skills and training. For instance, a well-trained woman is likely to defeat a man with no training in swimming skills (Mwisukha, 2017).

Discussion

Generally, men outperform women in sports activities despite age or skills for various reasons that make a man more advantageous. Genetic composition and hormone have a significant role in the difference that prevails between men and women in sports. This encompasses physical attributes such as body height, weight, muscle mass, body fat and aerobic characteristics. According to Billings (2017), men perform better in sports than women due to high testosterone in their bodies. The hormone is responsible for a number of reasons why the body of a man is physically fit for various sports. Testosterone is responsible for innate body features like the building of massive skeletal muscles and larger hearts than women are. The prevalence of huge proportion of Type 2 muscle fibers in the bodies of men is responsible for the strength, power, and speed. Furthermore, the hormone accelerates production of red blood cells. The cells are responsible for absorption of oxygen into the bloodstream and thus men have more oxygen in their blood, a factor that gives men a more aerobic advantage.

The counterpart of this hormone in woman’s body is the cause of the physical body characteristics of women that inhibits most active engagements among women (Casto, 2016). Prevalence of this hormone explains why women bodies have more fat as compared to men. Casto (2016) attributes more body fat as an additional load on human beings. The more the body fat the larger the load and as a result, there is a reduced performance in physical activities.

Moreover, women bodies are quite loose and less muscular. Women’s joints are more flexible as compared to men, thus are in a better position to participate in sports such as gymnastics. Science shows that women have wider pelvic that influences the alignment and movements of the extremities. However, this advantage cannot compare to the physical attributes that male testosterone gives to the body of a man (Casto, 2016).

Another distinguishing factor for difference prevailing in sports performance by both genders is the possibility to get injuries. Most sports activities require great muscle strength to participate. For instance, rugby and American football sports favor men because of their nature of interactivity between the participants. Woman are more prone to injuries as compared to men (Roos et al., 2017). Critics such as Hannah-Moffat (2007) argue that women are good at cheering rather than participating. However, women joints are more prone to injuries, especially the knees and the shoulders. Women have weaker shoulder muscles than men thus are more susceptible to injuries due to the loose supporting tissues. Therefore, men tend to have more stable shoulder tissues than women. The probability of hurting the anterior cruciate ligament, a major knee ligament, is higher for women than to men. However, this risk is controllable through proper training and exposure to more muscle enhancing activities. Human physiology research by Ogden (2014) reveals that the rate at which fats form in the body of a woman is comparatively high than the efforts to reduce them to muscles. Most women, despite attending gymnastics. Presently, training grounds and fitness businesses have grown to a significant figure yet higher number of men than women attends these sessions. A huge population of women dislike engaging themselves in tiresome activities and like to remain in their current state.

 Conversely, McConagh and Pappano (2009) argue that male dominance in sports is a vestige of patriarchy. The feel that segregated sports based on the misconception that women are a “weaker sex” fosters social inferiority against women.  These scholars believe that women have more potential to participate in sports as men only that most limit themselves to sex stereotyping on sports participation and performance. The emphasis that since most government policies and culture and therefore women and men should compete on a comparative level. However, these scholars reckon that “the pursuit of athletic equality may be a fool’s errand” basing their argument on history, previous research and mere common sense.

Apart from the biological composition of the human body, cognitive psychology reveals that people have different tastes and preferences. Roemmich (2015) reports that 86 percent of women in all age groups have a taste for indoor activities, unlike men who like spending a lot of time outdoors. Typically, most sports are carried out outside and this is why women seem to perform better in indoor sports such as badminton, swimming, and games such as chess. Otherwise, women like less engaging activities, sports being part of it. In addition to that, sports are competitive in nature. According to Reis et al (2015), women are more phobic to losing than men are and try not to engage in sports to avoid embarrassment.

Statistically, women athletes receive lower salaries than men athletes in the world of sports do. NBA and WNBA players’ salaries display huge gaps in the salaries of the respective genders. The payment is uneven even if the work is the same for all players. Sports organizations may seem to promote gender equality to the public but ignore them when remunerating their players. Rader et al (2016) says that men sports have a huge fan base and therefore the return on investment is high. However, Hargreaves (2014) criticizes this and proposes terms of equal pay for equal work.

There is almost a matter of viewer interest. YouTube and other social video domains have registered a high number of views for sports and men dominate on YouTube statistics holding at 76% of the total views ("The Scientific Reason Men like Sports More Than Women", 2017). Women numbers on active watching are lower than the number of male active viewers.  Perception of women in the society is yet another contributing factor to reducing interactivity of women in sports in some areas. Some cultures have set norms that limit women to particular gender roles. For instance, some communities still have the perception of women as people with less ability to carry out demanding tasks such as sports that require a lot of energy and motivation. To make matters worse, most of the women in such communities are transfixed to these norms and belittle themselves as their counterparts dictates.

Moreover, women from certain religions are quite restricted from involving themselves in sports. For instance, Muslim women have been actively involving themselves in outdoor sports for various reasons attached to their religion (Roy et al, 2016). Some sports such as swimming require the participant to wear revealing. Keeping in mind that Muslim women are too reserved and will cover almost every part of their bodies, suggesting such a sport to them would be quite difficult.

Lastly, the discriminative nature of sponsors is another cause of gender differences in sports. Currently, the economic world is making it hard for poor people to express various talents. Most sports activities such as football require huge capital investment. As mentioned earlier, women sports receive little to no attention from viewers. The same case happens with the potential companies willing to promote their products through sports sponsorship. Football is a good example of a discriminated sport. Most players and team constitute of men and financiers rush to grab these opportunities to gain greater popularity. The economy in most countries, especially the developing nations is so low such that more than half of the citizens live below a dollar a day. This condition afflicts significantly afflicts women more than men. Lack of access to facilities such as training equipment limits women from participating in sports that require physical fitness.

Conclusion

In summary, it is evident that a huge gender difference in sport prevails with men showing a greater involvement than their counterparts do. Various factors that seem to cause this difference include economic factors such biased sponsorships on sports, biological factors determining the height, body weight, body fat and aerobic capacity. However, biological characteristics are the dominant of all the factors that lead to reduced number of women participants in sports. Statistics obtained from the Women’s Sports Foundation (2016) shows that male athletes receive scholarships of $ 179 million more than their counterparts do. Otherwise, most potential female participants are discouraged by the poor reception of women sports in the society.

However, the bias in sports sponsors due to economic imbalances constitute the level of stereotyping that prevails between men and women sports. Bompa & Buzzichelli (2015) however,  asserts that some extreme sport needs more masculinity and restricting women participation is a protective measure to avoid unnecessary accidents. He adds that due to the body composition of women and exposed sensitive areas, it is a risk to involve them in aggressive sports such as rugby, racing, and American Football. Lastly, Hargreaves(2014) proposes equal provisions by those willing to participate in games. He encourages all sports organizations to provide equitable facilities and chances to women through subsidized access to inherent training and skill enhancement for various sports.

References

Casto, K. V., & Edwards, D. A. (2016). Before, during, and after: how phases of competition differentially affect testosterone, cortisol, and estradiol levels in women athletes. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 2(1), 11-25.

Halldorsson, V., Thorlindsson, T., & Katovich, M. A. (2017). Teamwork in sport: a sociological analysis. Sport in Society, 1-16.

Hannah-Moffat, K., & O'Malley, P. (2009). Gendered risks. Abingdon: Routledge Cavendish.

Hargreaves, J., & Anderson, E. (Eds.). (2014). Routledge handbook of sport, gender and sexuality. Routledge.

Kane, J. E. (Ed.). (2015). Psychological aspects of physical education and sport. Routledge.

Kenney, W. Larry, Jack Wilmore, and David Costill. Physiology of Sport and Exercise 6th Edition. Human kinetics, 2015.

Mwisukha, A., Gitonga, E., & Wanderi, P. M. (2017). Towards Gender Equity in Sports: Insights into the Under-Representation of Women in Sports Leadership in Kenya. ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y CIENCIAS, 2(1).

Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Jama, 311(8), 806-814.

Reis, N. A., Kowalski, K. C., Ferguson, L. J., Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., & Crocker, P. R. (2015). Self-compassion and women athletes' responses to emotionally difficult sport situations: An evaluation of a brief induction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 18-25.

Roemmich, J. N., Balantekin, K. N., & Beeler, J. E. (2015). Park-like campus settings and physical activity. Journal of American College Health, 63(1), 68-72.

Roy, J., Kuan, G., & Tenenbaum, G. (2016). Sport Psychology Service Delivery in Malaysia: An Introduction to Common Cultural Norms and Experiences. J Phys Act Sports Exerc, 1(1), 22-29.

Sabo, D., Veliz, P., & Staurowsky, E. J. (2016). Beyond X's & O's: Gender Bias and Coaches of Women's College Sports. Women's Sports Foundation.

The Scientific Reason Men Like Sports More Than Women. (2017). Time. Retrieved 5 December 2017, from http://time.com/4322947/men-women-sports-evolution/

Tønnessen, E., Haugen, T. A., Hem, E., Leirstein, S., & Seiler, S. (2015). Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-Olympics endurance disciplines: Olympic-medal benchmarks for the time period 1990–2013. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 10(7), 835-839.

Winnick, J., & Porretta, D. (Eds.). (2016). Adapted Physical Education and Sport, 6E. Human Kinetics

Xu, Q., Billings, A., & Fan, M. (2017). When Women Fail to “Hold Up More Than Half the Sky” Gendered Frames of CCTV’s Coverage of Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Communication & Sport, 2167479517695542.

Write my Essay | Ecosystem on a topic of your choice | Amazon Rainforest

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Ecosystem of Amazon Rainforest

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Introduction

An ecosystem defines living organisms and their physical environment and how they interrelate with one another and the environment. This paper will explore the ecosystem of the Amazon Rainforest, in Brazil. Amazon rainforest covers an extensive geographical area of about 5.5 million square kilometers, extending to nine South American countries namely Venezuela, Suriname, Columbia, Bolivia, Guyana, Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, and French Guyana. However, the distribution of the rainforest is quite uneven in the nine countries, with some holding bigger portions. The abiotic phenomena of the Amazon rainforest comprise of relatively high humidity, which is attributed to a protective barrier against forest fires. Direct precipitation accounts for about 9 feet of water in the Amazon rainforest, which is essential to harbor a large number of species in the rainforest. The forest has a nutrient-rich soil base with most of the nutrients coming from the animal droppings and the humus from decomposed plant species. Moreover, rocks in the Amazon rainforest undergo weathering processes and breakdown to yield more ions to the soil, necessary for the growth of the plant species in the rainforest.

Amazon Rainforest has a variety (more than 40,000 plant species) of plant species that span from epiphytes (cacti, water lilies, Orchids, among other) to big trees. However, the palms are the most common tree species in most parts of the rainforest, making it the dominant tree species. Moreover, Amazon rainforest is a habitat for more than 427 mammals, 1300 birds, 378 reptiles, 400 amphibians. Mammals such as the primates dominate the animal population due to the favorable climatic conditions such moderate temperature of about 79 F. However, recent research by Edwards (2014) reports that the temperature in Amazon forest is rising at a significant rate to more than a quarter of the whole forest due to increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

The most striking part of the Amazon rainforest is the nutrient cycle of plants in the forest. Typically, no one applies inorganic fertilizers the Amazon forest to improve soil fertility for the survival of the vast number of plants on this forest. However, most of the soil nutrients culminate from the high rate of decomposition of the flora. While the humus converts to nutrients with the aid of vast microorganisms prevalent in the high humid soils, the plants shed more leaves creating a nutrient source for the soil. The whole process occurs quite often creating a perfect nutrient cycle (Balmford, 2015).

Most of the mammals in this forest feed on plant herbs and fruits On the other hand; there is a significant level of predation for various animal species in the Amazon rainforest. In the Amazon rainforest, there are highest order predators that comprise of jaguars, gorillas, and anacondas that do not have particular predators. The primary consumers in this forest include macaws, monkeys, toucans, and sloths. Typical secondary predators include the Jaguars and the boa constrictor. Moreover, there are decomposing agents in this food chain that include the rainforest mushrooms, insects, and other microorganisms.

Amazon’s plant and animal species display great mutualism in the Amazon rainforest. For instance, the monkeys play a great role in seed propagation for most trees that bear fruits. This is because they are responsible for seed dispersal in the vast geographical coverage of the forest. In addition to that, there is a prevalence of a great level of predation in the Amazon forest. In fact, scientists attribute this phenomenon to the fact that most of the animals in the Amazon forest have giant bodies that emanate from both high consumption rate and due to the presence of high oxygen levels in the rainforest. A good example of predation relationship falls between the green anacondas and rodents. Moreover, these anacondas prey on deer, fish, turtles and water reptiles such as caiman.

The wild boar is the imminent invasive animal species in the Amazon forest, particularly found in large number on the Brazilian part of the forest. These non-native boars have come along with a dangerous disease that most of the other lack immunity for. The boar's excessive cause damage to the plants as the feed on the ground plant species. In order to control the spread of these boars, the wildlife service department of Brazil is sterilizing most males of this animal breed in of this kind (Torralyo, 2017).

Conclusion

Amazon harbors many plant and animal species due to the huge geographical coverage. Most of the species in the Amazon forest have giant bodies due to the concentration of high oxygen levels and plenty of prey.

References

Edwards, D. P., Tobias, J. A., Sheil, D., Meijaard, E., & Laurance, W. F. (2014). Maintaining ecosystem function and services in logged tropical forests. Trends in ecology & evolution, 29(9), 511-520.

Peh, K. S. H., Balmford, A., Birch, J. C., Brown, C., Butchart, S. H., Daley, J., ... & Millett, J. (2015). The potential impact of invasive alien species on ecosystem services provided by a tropical forested ecosystem: a case study from Montserrat. Biological Invasions, 17(1), 461-475.

Torralvo, K., Botero-Arias, R., & Magnusson, W. E. (2017). Temporal variation in black-caiman-nest predation in varzea of central Brazilian amazonia. PloS one, 12(8), e0183476.

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Early History of Criminology Theory and its Application to Crime Control

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Introduction

Criminology is a multidisciplinary study that tries to learn, interpret, and understand the phenomenal features of criminal behavior by both an individual and the multitude. The study comprises of social science disciplines such as sociology, psychology, philosophy, anthropology among others, all aiming at discerning the nature, consequence and possible preventive measures of criminal activities. Criminology concept arose back in the mid-18^th century coming along with three major schools: classical, Positive, and Chicago. Other models of criminology such as feminist criminology, labeling, cultural, and postmodern criminology, however, has superseded the ideologies of the early concept of criminology (Bosworth, 2011).

Positivist school vs Classical School

To begin with, the positivist school outcropped because of advances in criminology study. The ideology of this school is based on scientific study of what influences human criminal behavior. The school attributes the major causes of crime to uncontrollable internal and external factors that surround the offender. The positivist school comprises of three pillars of study; biology, psychology, and sociological positivism. Psychologists have sought correlations between personal traits of a person with certain crimes and past experience that may induce law-breaking behavior to different offenders. In addition to that, empirical research from positivist sociology relates the causes of crime to ulterior situational factors such as poverty, neglect, growth in population, and induced digressive subcultures. Generally, the positivist school seeks to explain the inevitability of crimes (Vito, 2015).

Unlike the positivist school, the classical school seeks to explain why crime is preventable by humans. It advocates for individual’s choice as the major propellant to criminal doings. The school is based on a philosophy that people have the intuition to guide them make informed decisions on whether to follow or violate the law. Its assumption is that offenders gain a certain level of pleasure and satisfaction through defiance of the law. Therefore, the school argues that incorporating punishments of equal magnitude to the pleasure and satisfaction generated from criminal wrongdoing automatically censors the probability of criminal activities among individuals.

Comparing the two major schools of criminology, classical appears to be more appealing since the crime is consequential of the choice made by the offender. Classical theory highly embraces deterrence theory that argues that people are likely to refrain from criminal acts when they are aware of a definite set punishment. Today, criminal justice borrows significant ideas from classical school and deterrence theory of criminology in the execution of justice to the offenders and the offended. For instance, setting up long-term imprisonment for particular crimes alleviates possible desires of criminal offenses among individuals who wish to fulfill certain desires such as theft, rape, or even murder (Clarke, 2014).

Relationship between Gender and Crime

Gender plays a significant role in criminological thinking today. According to Andersen (2015), gender greatly influences the perception of the law and the society on particular crimes. Belknap (2014) asserts that great discrepancies exist in the way men and women are perceived on their offense pattern and levels of victimization. Gender stereotyping in law and the society seems to bias against men. In most cases, men are more likely to be victimized by various crime than women are. This takes us back to the practical application of the positivistic ideology (Belknap, 2014).

Relationship between Class and Crime

Social class and crime correlate to the nature and extent of the crime.  The consensus theory relates elevated levels of crime among the working class to the disparity in the access of the legitimate opportunity structure between the working individuals and their counterparts. This disparity to accessing opportunities generates different cultural differences. However, interactionism theory invalidates the consensus theory suggesting that the exalted rates of crimes in the working class link to a social construction (Muncie, 2014).

Relationship between Race and Crime

In most cases, the minority groups are deemed more likely to be active criminals. Perhaps out of plain discrimination, racial stereotyping will relates blacks to be more susceptible to committing crimes as compared to the whites.

When criminal justice inclines its favor to a certain race or ethnicity the resultant phenomenon is racial profiling. Racial profiling is a broader version of ethnic discrimination that digresses the efforts to foster impartial administration of criminal justice.

Drawing back to what happened on September 11, 2001, in the United States, where 19 Arabic men who were suspected al-Qaeda militants took down four planes, claiming about 3000 lives in a suicide mission; we can justify racial profiling to some extent. However, it should be clear that not all Arab men embrace terrorism, but with the 9/11 thought it would not be advisable to take chances with lives of innocent people. However, to the downside of this idea, people of the Middle East decent might retaliate into worse crime from this stereotyping (Agnew, 2016).

Conclusion

It is evident that the descent of huge percentage of modern justice system borrows highly on the early criminal theory. However, other paradigms of criminology such as feminist criminology that favor women in crime limit the effectiveness of criminal justice administration. From the debate, it is also clear that racial profiling does not guarantee justification, though stricter methods of administering criminal justice are recommendable without showing favor to people of a particular descent.

References

Agnew, R. (2016). Race and youth crime: Why isn’t the relationship stronger?. Race and Justice, 6(3), 195-221.

Andersen, M., & Collins, P. H. (2015). Race, class, & gender: An anthology. Nelson Education.

Belknap, J. (2014). The invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice. Nelson Education.

Bosworth, M., & Hoyle, C. (Eds.). (2011). What is criminology?. Oxford University Press.

Muncie, J. (2014). Youth and crime. Sage.

Vito, G. F., & Maahs, J. R. (2015). Criminology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Business Analysis | EasyJet Airline Company | Business Writing| Academic Assignment Help

Assignment Instructions

Write a business analysis for a company of your choice. Include the following in your paper:

• SWOT Analysis
• Porters 5 forces

and any other relevant sections in your paper. Follow a strict Havard 7th edition Referencing style. Please do not use one reference more than 3 times, use at least 10 scholarly articles for this work. Avoid more than 3 Google Sources. The assignment is to be submitted through Turnitin with a plagiarism report.

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Business Review for EasyJet

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Introduction and History

EasyJet is among the most popular and successful airline businesses in Britain. The company belongs to Stelios Haji-Ioannou who is also its founder in 1995. EasyJet airline is based in London Luton Airport but has several affiliate companies such as the EasyJet Switzerland, EasyJet Europe among others. It operates on a low-cost carrier model internationally and locally serving more than 820 routes in about 30 countries (Corporate.easyjet.com 2017).

This private limited company appears on the listed companies on the London Stock Exchange, constituting of the FTSE 100 Index. EasyJet thrives on the concept of price elasticity influencing the demand for short-haul air. This implies the more people are likely to fly upon reducing the cost of flights. The company has grabbed a significantly large market share in Europe and some of the customers is shifting from other bigger airline to EasyJet. The company invalidates the traditional airline concept, that reducing flight costs will limit the revenue. Instead, EasyJet is using the reverse of this concept as a competitive advantage in the European airline market.

The Mission Statement of EasyJet

EasyJet Airline Company aims at providing safe point-to-point good value services to their customers. They also target at standardizing and offering consistently reliable products and flight charges to leisure and business markets within Europe. By point-to-point services, it is clear that EasyJet is neither in the business of carrying people or food business. Rather, the company capitalizes on a cost-effective mass transportation business. Moreover, the major niche for this company falls to leisure and business markets. The company’s strategic approach to achieve this mission is through the provision of “safe, good value” services. However, the company’s mission is not quantifiable to the level of success she targets to reach in the future.

Competitive Analysis

In order to discern to in-depth the forces driving the airline industry, using the Porters five competitive forces the best approach.

The Threat of substitute

There prevails a decimal competition from other modes of transport such as trains and vehicles in Europe. The continent is the mother some of the world’s fastest and most luxurious cars such the BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Peugeot among other. This limits the local market for the airline venture. However, for time and reduced prices, EasyJet is able to overcome this cloud of competition both locally and internationally outweighing the fastest cars and swift trains. Otherwise, international routes are too long for cars since the roads are highly coiled and winding making gas charges very high for vehicle transport (Businessrevieweurope.eu. 2017).

The Threat of New Entrants

Airline industry requires very high capital investment, a factor that inhibits efforts of other potential entrants into the market. For instance, EasyJet commenced at a significantly low pace at with a loan of £5 million, having hired two aircrafts for a long-term service. In the following year of her establishment, the company experienced a necessity of £50million to undertake its expansions program of acquiring four more aircrafts. EasyJet reaps the benefits of dominance in the UK low-cost market in the UK. This is so because the company is the “biggest fish” in the comparatively mature UK low-cost mature, unlike other parts of Europe. However, TUI and other strong international airline companies are a hindrance to EasyJet’s expansion to the international market.

The power of Suppliers

Airline transport consumes huge amounts of fuel on daily basis. Aviation fuel cost is proportional to the costs of oil and neither EasyJet has the ability to alter this provision of the business macro environment. Another challenge is the rapidly advancing aircraft technology. Commercial airplane manufacturing companies such as the Airbus and Boeing are shifting to production of mass carriage plane and improving current plane features. To keep up with the safety and good value service mission, EasyJet is forced to keep on updating her plane inventory (Harrison 2011).

Acquiring new planes has a significant impact on the annual income the company generates from its operations. Similarly, these two commercial plane manufacturers are the major sources of plane parts, thus enjoy the monopoly benefits of setting high prices and this is not only a burden to EasyJet but also a risk factor. An expansion move by the company gives her more power over the suppliers (Harrison 2011).

The Power of buyers

Loyal customers are the base for the success of any business enterprises. EasyJet runs on a low-cost strategy in order to make its services affordable to her customers. The company markets herself to a wide market scope through aggressive internet sales. Price discrepancies can significantly manipulate the minds of the buyers, bearing in mind people like cheap responsive services that suit their budgets (Post 2010, p.292-299).

The operators in the airline business are limited to the Civil Aviation Authority (2010) that provides for various protection measures to diverse consumer levels. EasyJet is not an exception to these regulations and most of them require a huge investment to implement. For instance, provision of responsive facilities for disabled persons and people with reduced mobility cost the company over £5 to set up.

Rivalry among existing firms

EasyJet Company faces great competition from other companies such as Ryan air, BMIbaby, Buzz, and MyTravel Lite. Other potential competitors include Virgin Express, Air Berlin among others that have future expansion plans. Otherwise, rising tour operators such as TUI and Thomas Cook are other potential future competitors. However, on a small scale, Britain Airways affects the market share in the segments targeted by EasyJet (Fedosava 2016).

Marketing Mix

Price

Generally, the company brands herself to her customers using a low-cost strategic approach. EasyJet applies differential pricing such as peak-season price reduction to attract more customers. The company offers price incentives to customers who book in advance.

Product

EasyJet aims at providing “no-frill” products to her customers. In the company’s mission, providing point-to-point is the major objective towards gaining a competitive advantage.

Distribution or Place

EasyJet’s company records most of her flight booking from the online booking system. Online booking accounts for over 90 percent of the total annual bookings. Another means that her services reach the customers is through television reservation system.

Promotion

The company capitalizes highly on internet marketing using the easyGroup websites to reach the masses in Europe (Bader 2015).

SWOT Analysis

Internal Analysis

Strengths.

The company has an appealing corporate reputation over her pricing and brand in the market. Moreover, EasyJet Company has a strong financial base, backed by aggressive e-business.

Weaknesses.

The company lacks a proper consumer retention strategy and has a small geographical market, limited to UK, Europe. Furthermore, buyers prejudice over low-cost services, perceiving them as of low quality and less flexible is another weakness (Bader 2015).

External Analysis

Opportunities

Research by Millard-Ball (2011), a tour expert predicts an expected rapid revolution in the air transportation. He asserts that current recession in the air transport is a great opportunity for companies like EasyJet that use a low-cost strategy. Moreover, there is a chance that big companies will evacuate from the local flight services to concentrate on a more lucrative long-haul flight leaving the market to small-scale companies.

Threats

Due to the scarcity of new routes from London, EasyJet Company finds it difficult to expand her operations locally. There is a likelihood of competition intensification in the saturated market without other way outs (Vasigh 2016).

Conclusion

There are many strategic issues facing the airline industry. EasyJet, for instance, operates on a small niche but still faces situational factors and strategic issues in the air transport. Due to threats mentioned above, this company might find it hard to expand locally and a possible solution would be entering the international market to fetch new niches.  Otherwise, air transport is facing more threats than opportunities prevails since the industry solely depends on fossil fuels for propulsion. Environmentalism efforts and energy crisis significantly affect the industry at large (Antoine 2004, p.790-792).

References

Antoine, N.E. and Kroo, I.M., 2004. Aircraft optimization for minimal environmental impact. Journal of aircraft, 41(4), pp.790-797.

Authority, C.A., 2010. CAP 722 Unmanned Aircraft System Operations in UK Airspace—Guidance. Directorate of Airspace Policy.

Bäder, M., 2015. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of EasyJet's Annual Report 2013.

Businessrevieweurope.eu. (2017). Top 10: Car Manufacturers in Europe 2014. [online] Available at: http://www.businessrevieweurope.eu/top10/216/Top-10:-Car-Manufacturers-in-Europe-2014 [Accessed 7 Dec. 2017].

Corporate.easyjet.com. (2017). What we do. [Online] Available at: http://corporate.easyjet.com/about/what-we-do [Accessed 7 Dec. 2017].

Fedosova, A., 2016. Comparison between Low-cost and Traditional Airlines. Case study: easyJet and British Airways.

Harrison, G.J., 2011, July. Challenge to the boeing-airbus duopoly in civil aircraft: Issues for competitiveness. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.

Millard‐Ball, A. and Schipper, L., 2011. Are we reaching peak travel? Trends in passenger transport in eight industrialized countries. Transport Reviews, 31(3), pp.357-378.

Post, D., 2010. Variable opaque products in the airline industry: A tool to fill the gaps and increase revenues. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 9(4), pp.292-299.

Vasigh, B. and Fleming, K., 2016. Introduction to air transport economics: from theory to applications. Routledge.

Global warming | Causes and Effects | Research paper

Global Warming Essay Introduction What is global warming? Global warming is the average temperature of Earth has increases since 1950 until now the temperature continuing increasing. Global warming can also refers to climate change that causes an increase in the average of temperature. However global warming are causes by natural events and human that are believed to be contribute to increase in average temperatures. Causes of Global Warming Global warming is a serious issue and is not a single issue but a number of environmental issues. Global warming is a rise in the surface temperature of the earth that has changed various life forms on the earth. The issues that cause global warming are divided into two categories include "natural" and "human influences" of global warming. Natural Causes of Global Warming The climate has continuously changing for centuries. The global warming happens because the natural rotation of the sun that changes the intensity of sunlight and moving closer to the earth. Another cause of global warming is greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide it trap the solar heats rays and prevent it from escaping from the surface of the earth. This has cause the temperature of the earth increase. Volcanic eruptions are another issue that causes global warming. For instance, a single volcanic eruption will release amount of carbon dioxide and ash to the atmosphere. Once carbon dioxide increase, the temperature of earth increase and greenhouse trap the solar radiations in the earth. Finally, methane is another issue that causes global warming. Methane is also a greenhouse gas. Methane is more effective in trapping heat in the atmosphere that carbon dioxide by 20 times. Usually methane gas can release from many areas. For instance, it can be from cattle, landfill, natural gas, petroleum systems, coal mining, mobile explosion, or industrial waste process. Human Influences on Global Warming Human influence has been a very serious issue now because human do not take care the earth. Human that cause global warming are more than natural causes global warming. The earth has been changing for many years until now it is still changing because of modern lifestyle of human. Human activities include industrial production, burning fossil fuel, mining, cattle rearing or deforestation. First issue is industrial revolution. Industrial have been using fossil fuels for power machines. Everything that we use is involved in fossil fuel. For example, when we buy a mobile phone, the process of making mobile phone have involve machines and machines uses fossil fuels, during the process carbon dioxide is releasing to the atmosphere. Besides industrial, transportation such as cars is also releasing carbon dioxide from exhaust. Another issue is mining. During the process of mining, the methane will trap below the earth. Besides, rearing cattle will also cause methane because cattle released the form of manure. However, cattle is important because it make the latter equally responsible for the occurrence of global warming Next is the most common issue that is deforestation. Deforestation is a human influence because human have been cutting down trees to produce papers, wood, build houses or more. If human continuing deforestation, carbon dioxide will concentrate in the atmosphere because trees can absorb carbon dioxide from atmosphere. Besides, human also release carbon dioxide when breathe. Therefore the amounts of millions of people breath have release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If human continue deforestation, human breathing that release carbon dioxide will stay at the atmosphere. The Effect of Global Warming The greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for many years since hundreds years ago. However, the effect that global warming will cause on earth are extremely serious. There are many effects that will happen in the future if global warming continues. That includes polar ice caps melting, economic consequences, warmer waters and more hurricanes, spread of diseases and earthquake First effect is polar ice caps melting. As the temperature increase, the ice at the North Pole will melt. Once the ice melt the first effect will be raise on sea levels because the melting glaciers become oceans. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center "if the ice melted today the seas would rise about 230 feet". It affects many low lying areas such as the Netherlands. In future, the Netherlands will be cover by water once the North Pole is melted. However, it is not going to happen so fast but the sea level will continue rise. Another effect is the species loss of habitat. Species that include polar bears and tropical frogs will be extinct due to climate change. Besides, various birds will migrate to other places because animals are not like humans. They cannot adapt the habitat that changes their living or temperature. Next effect is more hurricanes will occur and economic consequences still affect as well. Hurricane causes damage to houses and government need to spend billions of dollars in damage and people need places to stay or have been killed. Once a disaster happens many people have died and diseases happen. Diseases are more serious because it can spread to other people very fast and more people will get the disease and the disease maybe come more serious because of different weather. Solution to Stop Global Warming Now there are solutions that we can stop global warming. However we human and governments need to move forward to implement the global warming solutions. To reduce global warming we can do to reduce the contribution of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Therefore, the solutions that we can reduce global warming are reducing gasoline, electricity and our activities that cause global warming. To reduce gasoline mean we have a choice to choose a hybrid car that reduce using gasoline. Besides, petrol price are increasing. If a person everyday drives to work they need to pump petrol after 3 days and causes carbon dioxide. Another way to reduce gasoline is take public transport or carpool to work. It can help reduce carbon dioxide and save cost. Another way to reduce global warming is recycle. Recycle can reduce garbage by reusing plastic bags, bottles, papers or glass. For instance, when we buy foods, we can use our own containers instead of plastic bags. Another example is after finish drinking the water from the bottle; we can reuse it or use our own bottle. If all this is being reuse, human can reduce deforestation and help save environment. Besides, turn off electricity if unused. It can save thousands of carbon dioxide and buy product that have energy saving because it saves cost and save environment. Finally, human should stop open burning such as burning dry leafs or burning garbage. It will release carbon dioxide and toxic if burning garbage with plastic. Besides, government should reduce deforestation because the earth temperatures are increasing. Trees will help to improve the temperature on earth. Conclusion Overall of this assignment, I have understood that our earth is "sick". We humans need to "heal" the earth. Global Warming have causes many problem for human but we human who make global warming happens. Many people have died because of disease or disaster. It also affects the economics of the country. However, we need to be reduce the global warming by using less gasoline, recycle and human should help to reduce global warming instead of making the earth temperature increased. Our generation should start taking care of the earth because in the next generation they will suffer if we do not do reduce global warming. Therefore, global warming is a serious issue now. As a business student we are learning it because we need to understand the effect of climate change that will affect us when we have our business and we can start saving the earth.

Write my Essay | Literature| Compare and contrast between Maggie: A girl of the Streets and Snow of Kilimanjaro

Assignment type: Essay
Subject: English and Literature
Style: MLA
TOPIC: Compare and contrast between Maggie: A girl of the Streets and Snow of Kilimanjaro

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Compare and contrast between Maggie: A girl of the Streets and Snow of Kilimanjaro

Maggie a girl of the streets, a novel written by Stephen Crane and Snow of Kilimanjaro, a short story by Ernest Hemingway, are literal works that have many thematic similarities. Stephen Crane features and develops an unfortunate character throughout his novel to convey various thematic concerns. On the other hand, Ernest uses Harry, the main character in his work as a vehicle of his artistic message. Minor differences emanate from the styles the authors have used to convey their ideas. This paper will compare and contrast the various themes and styles brought out in the two works and outlined how these issues and techniques apply to the development of each the story.

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Maggie A Girl of the Streets, feature poverty as the principal element that drives the character Maggie to unfortunate life. Maggie’s both parents are habitual drunkards and usually mistreat her and her sibling, Jimmie. Later when her father dies, life turns to a hell and Maggie has to work at the T-shirt factory. Jimmie, on the other hand, hardens up and ends up as a teamster. However, Maggie’s job does not last for long because of her disturbing drunken mother, Mary. In Snow of Kilimanjaro, Ernest brings out poverty through Harry’s nostalgia. Harry recalls the burning down of his grandfather’s log house, an incident that forced him to live in the custody of his neighbors.  However, the setting of the other part of this story happens in a vibrant environment.

The poverty levels in the childhood age of these characters lead to desperation and eventually loss of hope in their lives. Maggie upon losing her job desperately starts to date her brother’s friend, Pete who works as a bartender hoping that he would support her from the pangs of poverty. Unfortunately, Mary and Jimmie coldly banish Maggie from the tenement, and she moves in with Pete. Nellie, “a woman of brilliance and audacity” lures Pete to dump Maggie and he does so, a situation that further frustrates Maggie’s dreams and expectations. This string of misfortunes drives Maggie into prostitution in later scenes of the novel.

On the other hand, Harry has dreams of becoming a great writer, and during one of his memories, he remembers a story he had saved to write and more other twenty stories he has not written yet. However, Harry attributes his fate to bad decisions he made. Unlike Maggie’s situation where the consequences were unconditional, Harry decided to follow wealthy women terminating his dream. Moreover, a difference in this theme of hopelessness appears when Harry remembers helping Williamson, a soldier who was hit by a bomb with morphine. This thought helps him feel relieved of his pain from the Gangrene disease he was suffering from. Harry uses this notion to comfort himself in of his situation.

Both works exhibit instances of moral decadence significantly. Both Ernest and Stephen feature prostitution in their stories, however, caused by different situational differences. In the case of Maggie, prostitution remains the only solution to her desperation, as she faces rejection at home when Pete dumps her. On the contrary, Harry’s reasons for prostitution are “to kill his loneliness.” He once fought with an officer over a prostitute while at Constantinople leading to his escape to Anatolia. Harry recalls how his behavior caused chaos and consequent break up between him and his first love.

Another similar theme in these stories is violence. Maggie A Girl of the Streets begins with a confrontation between Jimmie and a gang of boys in the neighborhood. Pete helps Jimmie get out of this violence hence becoming friends. However, later after doing a series of misfortunes, Jimmie loses his caring heart and becomes a hardy teamster. The author says that all Jimmie cared for was his truck. In another event when Jimmie learns that Pete is dating his sister, he gets so upset and instigates a fight upon attacking Pete. We also see that Maggie’s parents are both violent especially when drunk. The short story Snow of Kilimanjaro revolves around violence. Harry fights a soldier in Constantinople over a prostitute in one instance and runs away to Anatolia. Harry is quarrelsome and talks in a rude way to Helen. Harry also helps a soldier who is hit by a bomb with morphine to reduce pain because of violence. Harry further remember of a boy at the ranch who saved his horse feed by shooting a thief.

Betrayal is another thematic concern evident in both Maggie, a girl of the streets and Snow of Kilimanjaro. Her mother and Jimmie banish Maggie, the main character from the tenement after they learn of her relationship with Pete. Following that event, Nellie “a woman of audacity” convinces Pete to leave Maggie and he foolishly does it without hesitation. Maggie has no an option of where to go and when she makes her way back home, she faces rejection. It is paradoxical how her mother and brother join the neighbors in badmouthing Maggie instead of defending her embracing her from her betrayal by Pete. Later, Mary learns from Jimmie that Maggie has died and she sarcastically says, “I forgive her” when comforted by neighbors (Gullason and Crane, 1979).

Harry’s case in Snow of Kilimanjaro is different since in most cases he betrays those around him. For instance, through a stream of consciousness, Harry had written a left to his ex-lover while still within another relationship. His wife finds out, and they eventually break up. Harry is not remorseful for his actions and moves on to find a wealthy widow, Helen who he admits not to love. Nevertheless, Helen is always there for Harry and loves him so much. She even mentions that Harry is not only her husband but also her possession.

A significant difference of between these books is on the perception of women in the society. In Maggie A Girl of the Streets, the position of women is in prostitution, alcoholism, entertainer, and objects of pleasure to men. Women should remain either in the house or out working in very harsh and unconducive working environment. In this story, one needs to apply masculinity to earn respect from others. Jimmie portrays the character who believes fights will solve all respect issues. On the other hand, in Snow of Kilimanjaro, some women are assertive. The second wife of Harry decides to terminate their relationship when she learns that he has been cheating. The story sheds new light on women, not to sit down and have their feelings played with like babies. Apart from the bunch of prostitutes in Constantinople, other women such as Helen are wealthy. It is ironical that Harry depends on Helen yet we expect it to be the other way round. Ernest tries to develop women as strong characters and not as victims of circumstance.

In conclusion, it is evident that the story Maggie a girl of street and Snow of Kilimanjaro heavily relate regarding themes they address. However, a slight difference comes in how the two authors develop women characters throughout their stories. Stephen develops Maggie and her mother as victims of circumstances. In Snow of Kilimanjaro, women are do not stoop so low to be driven by fate and circumstance. For instance, Helen proves to be independent of men since the death of her husband and child as opposed to Maggie who turns to prostitution when she breaks up with Pete.

Works Cited

Gullason, T. and Crane, S. (1979). Stephen Crane: Maggie, a girl of the streets. New York: Norton.